Resistor
A resistor is an electronic component that limits the flow of electric current in a circuit. It controls voltage and current levels, protects components, and divides voltages. Resistors are characterized by their resistance value, tolerance, and power rating. They are fundamental in electronic circuits, influencing signal levels and protecting against excessive current.
Capacitor
A capacitor is an electronic component that stores and releases electrical energy in a circuit. It consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. Capacitors are used for filtering, buffering, and coupling signals and for energy storage in power supplies. Their ability to smooth out voltage fluctuations is crucial for the stable operation of electronic devices.
Inductor
An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. It typically consists of a coil of wire wound around a core. Inductors are used in filtering, energy storage, and in tuning circuits to block or pass specific frequencies. Their role in regulating current and filtering noise is vital in power supplies and communication systems.
Diode
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in only one direction. It has two terminals: an anode and a cathode. Diodes are used for rectification, converting AC to DC, and protecting circuits by blocking reverse voltage. They are also used in signal demodulation, voltage regulation, and as light emitters (LEDs).
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. It has three terminals: the emitter, base, and collector. Transistors are fundamental building blocks in modern electronics, used in amplifiers, switches, and signal modulation. Their ability to control current flow makes them essential in digital circuits and microprocessors.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
An integrated circuit (IC) is a set of electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, integrated onto a single chip of semiconductor material. ICs are used in virtually all electronic equipment, from simple timers to complex microprocessors. They offer significant advantages in size, cost, and performance, enabling the miniaturization of electronic devices.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs are used for display indicators, lighting, and in communication devices. They are highly efficient, have a long lifespan, and are available in various colours and brightness levels. LEDs are pivotal in energy-efficient lighting and digital displays.
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain voltage amplifier with differential inputs and a single-ended output. Op-amps are used in signal conditioning, filtering, and mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. Due to their versatility and precision, they are essential in analog signal processing and control systems.
Relay
A relay is an electromechanical switch that uses an electromagnet to open or close a circuit. It allows a low-power control signal to switch a higher power load. Relays are used for isolation, switching, and control in various applications, including automotive, industrial, and home automation systems. They provide the ability to control large currents with small signals, enhancing safety and functionality.
Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip. Microcontrollers are used in a wide range of applications, from home appliances to automotive systems, where they perform specific tasks such as sensing, control, and communication. Their programmability and versatility make them essential in modern electronics.